The Various Athletics Disciplines
Sprint – 100-Meter Run
It is the most prestigious competition that exists in individual sports and the winner of it at the Olympic Games or the World Championships in Athletics is unofficially crowned as the fastest person in the world. In this competition, the participants compete among themselves, to see who will cross the finish line of a 100-meter track first.
The world record for men belongs to Usain Bolt from Jamaica – 9:58 from 16.8.2009.
To view: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nbjhpcZ9_g
The world record for women belongs to Florence Griffith Joyner from the USA – 10:49 a.m. on July 16, 1988.
To watch:
The Israeli record for men belongs to Alex Pourhomovski with a result of 10.2 seconds. This record was set at the World Championships in Athletics held in Seville, Spain in 1999. The Israeli women’s record belongs to Esther Roth Shakhamorov with a result of 11.45 seconds. This record was set at the Munich Olympics (1972). Israel’s record for cadets (up to the age of 18) belongs to Ram Mor, 10:60 am. Israel’s record for cadetship belongs to Gili Dishon, 11:99 seconds.
Sprint – 200-Meter Run
The 200-meter run is a discipline in athletics, a distance sprint competition that gives it its name. In this competition, the participants compete among themselves to see who will cross the finish line of a 200-meter track first.
The 200-meter run is less prestigious than the 100-meter run, although for a long time it was faster than it on average: that is, the record time in the 200-meter run fell to twice the record time for half the distance (100 meters). Two-hundred-meter runners could reach this excess speed, because they reach the last hundred meters already at peak speed,
compared to hundred-meter runners, who start from a stationary position but momentarily accelerate to a higher speed.
In the stadium with a circumference of 400 meters, the runners start the run from the arch and finish in a straight section. In a closed hall with a circumference of 200 meters, the runners complete one complete lap with two arcs, when the run starts from the starting point which also serves as the finish line. The two-hundred-meter run in the stadium is divided into two segments that differ from each other in the required technique: the first hundred meters of running in an arc, and the last hundred meters in a straight line. In order to succeed in this profession, therefore, a high ability in both techniques is required.
For several decades, until August 16, 2009, when Usain Bolt set the current world record in 100 meters 9.58 seconds, the average speed in the 200 meters was higher than in the 100 meters. 200-meter runners reach the last hundred meters at peak speed and still have the energy left to continue at the same pace, compared to 100-meter runners who start from a stationary position, and it takes them several tens of meters to reach peak speed. In modern tools we found what was known for years that the speed record in the 100-meter run is often higher than the speed record in the 200-meter run, which gave the 100-meter runner the unofficial title of “the fastest person in the world”.
The world record for men belongs to Usain Bolt of Jamaica, 19.19 seconds. It was determined at the World Athletics Championships in Berlin in 2009.
To watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DjvvI-0xjc
The world record for women belongs to Florence Griffith Joyner from the United States, 21.34 seconds. It was set at the Seoul Olympics (1988).
To watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2MGfxwl3WM
The Israeli record for cadets (up to the age of 18) belongs to Ram Mor, 21:61. Israel’s record for cadetship belongs to Gili Dishon, 24:40 hrs.
400- Meter Run
The 400-meter run is the longest acceleration run (sprint). In the stadium, the 400 meter run runs exactly one complete round, with each athlete running according to his route throughout the entire run. For success in this profession an athlete needs the ability to run with fast and long steps while reducing the use of the slow fibers (skeletal muscle fiber). For the top athletes in this industry, the 400 meters are a long acceleration run.
The world record in an open stadium belongs to Wayde van Niekerk from South Africa, 43.03 s, from the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2016.
To watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbqy1Rpjgmw
The women’s world record belongs to Merita Koch of East Germany, 47.60 s, from the World Cup in Canberra, Australia, 1985.
Israeli record for men belongs to Doland Sanford, 45.71 s. Israeli women’s record belongs to Anna Tkach, 52.06 s.
800-Meter Run
The 800-meter run is the shortest of the medium runs. The 800-meter run extends over two complete laps in the stadium (track circumference 400 meters), while in closed halls the run extends over 4 complete laps (track circumference 200 meters). Running 800 requires high skill both in sprint speed and physical endurance that will be enough for two rounds.
The men’s 800 has been included in the Olympic program in all modern Olympics. The 800 run for women was included in the Olympic program for the first time in 1928 but was suspended until 1960, due to the shock from the exhaustion felt by the competitors. The world record for men belongs to David Rudisha of Kenya who set 1.40.91 minutes at the London Olympics.
The world record for women belongs to Yarmila Kartochvilova from Czechoslovakia, 1.53.28 min, from 1983.
Israeli record for men belongs to Oz Katz, 1.47.8 min. Israeli women’s record belongs to Edna Lankri, 2.04.05 min.
Long Jump
The goal of the athlete competing in the long jump is to cover as much distance as possible in a horizontal jump. The distance of the jump is affected by the start of the run before the jump, the strength of the jump, and the style of the jump. The long jump is done on a running track, which ends with a springboard. After the diving board there is a sandbox marked in meters.
The origin of the long jump as a sport is in ancient Greece, where the Greek competitors in the Pan-Hellenic Games, including the Olympic Games, used to jump the distance while holding weights. Some believe that the purpose of the weights was to make jumping more difficult and thus add interest to competitions. Long jump competitions have been included in the Olympic program for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since the Amsterdam Olympics (1928).
The structure of the jump:
1. Controlled and fast running of the competitor up to the springboard.
2. A strong push of the ground by the competitor’s strong leg now of reaching the springboard.
3. Continue the jump to a horizontal jump when the competitor raises his hands and his whole body.
4. Delaying the landing by maintaining the center of gravity and the shape of the body.
5. Landing when the body is bent and turned as far as possible.
Basic Style:
Although there are currently three main jumping styles, the basic jumping style is as follows: When the jumper reaches the springboard, he puts his running leg against his stomach, while leaping with his strong leg. After jumping in the air, he attaches his jumping leg to his other leg, and spins his body and limbs.
As he approaches the ground, the jumper sends his limbs forward as much as possible to move his center of gravity forward and thereby achieve a greater distance.
The world record for women belongs to Galina Tsistaykova of the USSR, 7.52 m, from 1988.
Israeli record for men belongs to Yochai Halevi, 7.99 m. Israeli women’s record belongs to Sigal Gonen and Svetlana Ganzdilov jointly, 6.46 m.
Israeli record for cadets (up to age 18) belongs to Rami Lev-Ran, 7.53 m. Israeli record for cadetship belongs to Esther Shahmarov, 5.46 m.
Basic rules:
A competitor must not jump after the landing leg has exceeded the front border of the springboard, any jump in which such an exception was made is considered invalid.
The rearmost part of the competitor’s body that hit the ground will be considered the official distance traveled by the competitor in the jump.
Records:
The world record for men belongs to Mike Powell from the USA, 8.95 m from the World Championships in Tokyo, Japan, 1991. To watch:
Shot Put
Shot put is an Olympic sport, one of the throwing disciplines within the athletics branch. As part of this sport, a person pushed (that is, throws) a heavy weight iron ball (7.26 kilograms for men and 4 kilograms for women) for the greatest distance. This sport is considered part of the family of explosive power sports. The subject is taught in schools as part of the physical education curriculum.
Throwing is done from a circle (usually made of concrete) with a diameter of 2.135 meters. The circle has a front part, facing a grass area and a back part. At the front of the front part is installed a partition with a height of about 10 cm called a “foot barrier” or a “threshold”. From both sides of the partition come out “horns” drawn in chalk on the grass and form a triangular section (a section or “sector”).
The thrower can enter the circle from any side, he must hold the iron ball to his neck, close to his chin, in the hollow of the collarbone and push it, outside the circle, as far as possible within the “sector” area drawn on the grass, within 60 seconds from the moment his name is called. It is forbidden for any part of the thrower’s body, including parts of clothing or shoes, to touch the partition of the foot or outside of it until the final stop of the ball.
The thrower must find himself within the boundaries of the circle until the final stop of the ball and must exit the circle from the back side. The distance to which the ball is pushed is measured as the distance between the first point of contact of the ball with the ground and the point where the circumference of the circle intersects with the line between the center of the circle and this point of contact.
The world record for men belongs to Randy Burns from the USA, 23.12 m from 1990.
To watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPZwXF1Xcpw
The world record for women belongs to Natalia Lisovskaya of the USSR, 22.63 m, from 1987.
Israeli record for men belongs to Igor Avronin, 19.09 m. The Israeli women’s record belongs to Anastasia Mochakaev from the Hadassah Youth National Athletics Center, 17.22 m.
Israeli record for cadets (up to the age of 18) belongs to Igor Bassov from the Hadassah Youth National Athletics Center, 17.69 m (5 kg).
Israeli record for cadets belongs to Enbal Cohen, 14.69 m (3 kg).
Discus Throw
Discus throw, an Olympic sport, one of the throwing disciplines within the athletics branch. It is one of the oldest sports and started as early as the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. In the discus throwing competition, the competitors throw a round board over a marked field. The winner is crowned who throws the greatest distance.
There is a difference between the weight of the discus between the men’s competition and the women’s competition. The men’s discus weighs 2 kg while the women’s discus weighs 1 kg. The discus thrower holds it with one outstretched hand as it is raised beside his body, rotates around himself, to give the discus momentum, and throws the discus.
The world record for men belongs to Jürgen Schulte from East Germany, 74.08 m from 1986. The world record for women belongs to Gabriela Reinsch from East Germany, 76.80 m from 1988.
Israeli record for men belongs to Igor Avronin, 62.24 m. The Israeli women’s record belongs to Sevan Zan from the Hadassah Youth National Athletic Center, 59.92 m.
The Israeli record for cadets (up to the age of 18) belongs to Itamar Levy from the Hadassah Youth National Athletics Center, 56.13 m (1.5 kg). The Israeli record for cadets belongs to Liorit Daniel, 42.64 m.
Hammer Throw
Hammer throwing is an Olympic sport, one of the throwing disciplines within the athletics branch. In the hammer throwing competition, the competitors throw an iron ball attached to a wire with a handle at the end, called a “hammer”. The winner is the one who throws the farthest. The name of the sport derives from earlier competitions in history, during which a real hammer was thrown.
Hammer throwing competitions were held for the first time at the Paris Olympics (1900). The first Olympic champion was John Flanagan from the United States. Flanagan also won the next two Olympics and was the only one in the history of the Olympic Games to win 3 times. The International Association of Athletics Federations approved competitions for women to participate in this sport only in 1995, and the first appearance of women was at the Sydney Olympics held in 2000.
There is a difference between the weight of the hammer in the men’s competition and the weight of the hammer in the women’s competition. The men’s hammer weighs 7.257 kg and the women’s hammer weighs 4 kg.
The world record for men belongs to the Soviet Yuri Sadikh, 86.74 m, from 1986.
The world record for women belongs to Poland’s Anita Waldrczyk, 82.98 m from 2016 in Warsaw.
Israeli record for men belongs to Igor Giler, 65.70 m. The Israeli women’s record belongs to Evgenia Zabolotny from the Hadassah Neurim National Athletics Center, 60.60 m.
10000-Meter Run
The 10,000-meter run is the longest running competition held in the stadium. The length of the running track is 400 meters, and the runners circle it 25 times.
Men’s 10,000 meter running competitions have been held at all Olympic Games since the Stockholm Olympics (1912), and for women since the Seoul Olympics (1988). The first Olympic champion was the Finn Hans Kolmeinen and the first Olympic champion was the Soviet Olga Bondarenko. In the World Championships in Athletics, competitions have been held for men since the foundation of the championship in 1983, and for women since 1987.
The first world champions were the Italian Alberto Cuba and the Norwegian Ingrid Christiansen. Since 1987 all world champions have been from Ethiopia or Kenya, and since 1997 all world champions have been Ethiopian or Kenyan.
The world record for men belongs to Kannisa Bakla from Ethiopia, 26:17.53 min, from 2005.
To view: https://youtu.be/vhiGCXZZPPU
The world record for women belongs to Luang Junxia from China, 29:31.78 min, from 1993.
Israeli record for men belongs to Tesma Moges, 12.28.58 min. Israeli women’s record belongs to Nili Abramski, 33.19.85 min.
The Israeli record for cadets (up to the age of 18) belongs to Akoya Yaakov Dersach of the Hadassah Neurim National Athletics Center, 14.31.99 min. Israeli record for cadetship belongs to Dana Levin, 38.14.57 min.
